Evaluation of possibilities and perspectives of application of nanomaterial hard coatings

Evaluation of possibilities and perspectives of application of nanomaterial hard coatings

Magdalena Kopernik, Maciej Pietrzyk

Department of Modelling and Information Technology, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH – University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7494/cmms.2006.1.0109

Abstract:

The paper is a review of the research on applications and testing of the nanomaterial hard coatings. The processing techniques for these materials and their main applications are presented first. The second part of the review is focused on the main objective of this work, which is numerical modelling of deformation of the nanomaterial hard coatings. Various approaches to this problem and main difficulties are discussed. Three main tests, which are used to identify the material parameters in the constitutive models, are described. The second part of the paper deals with the results of simulations performed by the Authors. Results of the finite element simulations of the nano-indentation test for multi-layer coating are presented and the predictive capabilities of the model are confirmed. The model will be further implemented into the inverse software for the considered tests.

Cite as:

Kopernik, M., Pietrzyk, M. (2006). Evaluation of possibilities and perspectives of application of nanomaterial hard coatings. Computer Methods in Materials Science, 6(1), 42 – 63. https://doi.org/10.7494/cmms.2006.1.0109

Article (PDF):

Keywords:

Nanomaterial hard coating, Nano indentation test, Nano impact test, Finite element modelling, Inverse analysis

References:

Argyris, J., Doltsinis, I.S., Eggers, M., Handel, R., 1994, Computer Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng., 111, 203.

Attaf, M.T., 2004a, Connection between the loading curve models in elastoplastic indentation, Materials Letters, 58, 3491–3498.

Attaf, M.T., 2004b, Tip bluntness determination using the energy principle and consequent correction to the indentation function, Materials Letters, 58, 1100–1106.

Bansal, Y., Pindera, M.-J., 2003, Efficient formulation of the thermoelastic higher-order theory for functionally graded materials, J. Thermal Stresses, 26, 1055-1092.

Bao, Y.W., Wang, W., Zhou, Y.C., 2004, Investigation of the relationship between elastic modulus and hardness based on depth-sensing indentation measurements, Acta Materialia, 52, 5397–5404.

Basu, S.K., Scriven, L.E., Francis, L.F., McCormick, A.V., 2005, Mechanism of wrinkle formation in curing coatings, Progress in Organic Coatings, 53, 1-16.

Bathe, K. J., 2004, Adina Theory and Modeling Guide, Report ARD 04-7, 1.

Bathe, K.J., Montans, F.J., 2004, On modeling mixed hardening in computational plasticity, Computers and Structures, 82, 6, 535–539.

Beake, B.D., Lau, S.P., Smith, J.F., 2004, Evaluating the fracture properties and fatigue wear of tetrahedral amorphous carbon films on silicon by nano-impact testing, Surface and Technology, 177-178, 611-615.

Beake, B.D., Smith, J.F., 2004, Nano-impact testing – an effective tool for assessing the resistance of advanced wear-resistance coatings to fatigue failure and delamination, Surface and Coatings Technology, 188-189, 594-598.

Beake, B.D., Lau, S.P., 2005, Nanotribological and nanomechanical properties of 5–80nm tetrahedral amorphous carbon films on silicon, Diamond and Related Materials, 14, 1535–1542.

Bull, S.J., Berasetegui, E.G., Page, T.F., 2004, Modeling of the indentation response of coatings and surface treatments, Wear, 256, 857–866.

Butcher, R.J., Rousseau, C.E., Tipper, H.V., 1999, A functionally graded particulate composite: preparation, measurement and failure analysis, Acta Materialia, 47, 259-268.

Cai, X., Bangert, H., 1996, Finite-element analysis of the interface influence on hardness measurements films, Surface and Coatings, 81, 240-255.

Carneiro, C.A.V., Rochinha, F.A., Borges, L.S.A., 2004, Thermoelastic analysis of functionally graded materials submitted to shocks, Proc. 21st ICTAM, SM10 Functionally Graded Materials, 1-2.

Cheng, Z.-Q., Batra, R.C., 2000, Three-dimensional thermoelastic deformations of a functionally graded elliptic plate, Composites: Part B, 31, 97-106.

Czarnowska, E., Wierzchoń, T., Maranda-Niedbała, A., 1999, Properties of the surface layers on titanium alloy and their biocompatibility in vitro tests, J. Mat. Proc. Techn., 92-93, 190-194.

Dao, M., Gu, P., Maewal, A., Asaro, R.J., 1997, A micromechanical study of residual stresses in functionally graded materials, Acta Materialia, 45, 3265-3276.

Dao, M., Chollacoop, N., van Vliet, K.J., Venkatesh, T.A., Suresh, S., 2001, Computational modeling of the forward and reverse problems in instrumented sharp indentation, Acta Materialia, 49, 3899–3918.

Delale, F., Erdogan, F., 1983, The crack problem for nonhomogeneous plane, J. Appl. Mech., 50, 609-614.

Dobrzański, L.A., 2002, Podstawy nauki o materiałach i metaloznawstwo, Podręcznik akademicki, Gliwice-Warszawa (in Polish).

Doerner, M. F., Nix, W. D., 1986, A method for interpreting the data from depth-sensing indentation instruments, J. Mater. Res., 1/4, 601-609.

Drysdale, W.H., Zak, A.R., 1985, Structural Theories – A Theory for Rate Dependent Plasticity, Computers and Structures, 20, 259-264.

Eischen, J.W., 1987, Fracture of nonhomogeneous materials, Int. J. of Fracture, 34, 3-22.

Erdogan, F., 1995, Fracture mechanics of functionally graded materials, Composite Eng., 5, 753-770.

Erdogan, F., Wu, B.H., 1997, The surface crack problem for plate with functionally graded properties, J. Appl. Mech., 64, 449-456.

Fang, T.H., Jian, S.-R., Chuu, D.-S., 2004, Nanomechanical properties of TiC, TiN and TiCN thinfilms using scanning probe microscopy and nanoidentation, Appl. Surface Science, 228, 365-372.

De Fazio, L., Syngellakis, S., Wood, R.J.K., Fugiuele, F.M., Sciumé, G., 2001, Nanoindentation of CVD diamond: comparison of an FE model with analytical and experimental data, Diamond and Related Materials, 10, 765-769.

Fischer-Cripps, A.J., 2002, Nanoindentation, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 0-387-95394-9.

The FORGE® V.2.4 materials database, 2004, Tranvalor SA of Sophia-Antipolis, France.

The FORGE® V.3.6 materials database, 2005, Tranvalor SA of Sophia-Antipolis, France.

Franco, A.R., Pintaúde, G., Sinatora, A., Pinedo, C.E., Tschiptschin, A.P., 2004, The Use of a Vickers Indenter in Depth Sensing Indentation for Measuring Elastic Modulus and Vickers Hardness, Materials Research, 7, 483-491.

Gdoutos, E.E., Daniel, I.M., Wang, K.-A., 2003, Compression facing wrinkling of composite sandwich structures, Mechanics of Materials, 35, 511-522.

Gere, J.M., Timoshenko, S.P., 1984, Mechanics of Materials, PWS-KENT Publishing Company, Boston.

Ghista, D.N., Reul, H., 1983, Prosthetic aortic leaflet valve design: performance analysis of an Avcothane® leaflet valve, Adv. Cardiovasc. Phys., 5 (IV), 31-42.

Gong, J., Miao, H., Peng, Z., 2004, On the contact area for nanoindentation tests with Berkovich indenter: case study on soda-lime glass, Materials Letters, 58, 1349–1353.

Gu, Y.Y., Lin, J.F., 1996a, The tribological characteristics of titanium nitride coatings, Wear, 194, 22-29.

Gu, Y.Y., Lin, J.F., 1996b, Comparsion of the tribological characteristics of titanium nitride and titanium carbonitride coating films, Surface and Coating Techn., 85, 146-155.

Gu, Y.Y., Lin, J.F., Ai, C.-F., 1996, The tribological characterisctics of titanium nitride coatings, Wear, 194, 12-21.

Gu, P., Asaro, R.J., 1997, Cracks in functionally graded materials, Int. J. Solids and Structures, 34, 1-7.

Gu, P., Dao, M., 1999, A simplified method of calculating the crack tip field of functionally graded materials using domain integral, J. Appl. Mech., 66, 101-108.

Hansel, A., Spittel, T., 1978, Krafts und Arbeitsbedarf Bildsamer Formgebungverfahren VEB Deutscher Verlay fűr Grundstoff Industrie, Leipzig.

Hirano, T., Yamada, T., Teraki, J., Mino, M., Kumakawa, A., 1988, Proc. 16th Int. Symp. on Space Technology and Science, Tokyo, 375-380.

Ho, S.P., Balooch, M., Marshall, S. J., Marshall, G.W., 2004, Local properties of a functionally graded interphase between cementum and dentin, Wiley InterScience 1, www.interscience.wiley.com

Holmberg, K., Matthews, A., 1994, Coatings tribology properties, techniques and applications in surface engineering, Elsevier Tribology Series 28, Elsevier Science B.V., The Netherlands, 442.

Holmberg, K., Matthews, A., Ronkainen, H., 1998, Coatings tribology-contact mechanisms and surface design, Tribology Int., 31, 107–120.

Holmberg, K., 2000, The basic material parameters that control friction and wear of coated surfaces under sliding, Tribologia-Finnish, J. of Tribology, 19, 3-18.

Holmberg, K., Ronkainen, H., Matthews, A., 2000, Review Tribology of thin coatings, Ceramics Int., 26, 787-795.

Holmberg, K., Laukkanen, A., Ronkainen, H., Wallin, K., Varjus, S., 2003, A model for stresses, crack generation and fracture toughness calculation in scratched TiN coated steel surfaces, Wear, 254, 278-291.

Inagaki, M., Yokogawa, Y., Kameyama, T., 2003, Formation of highly oriented hydroxyapatite in hydroxyapatite/titanium composite coating by radio-frequency thermal plasma spraying, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 14, 919-922.

Iost, A., Bigot, R., 1996, Indentation size effect: Reality or artefact?, J. Mat. Sci., 31, 3573-3577.

ISO/FDIS 14577-1:2002; Metallic materials – Instrumented indentation test for hardness and materials parameters, ISO Central Secretariat, Rue de Varémbé 1, 1211 Geneva.

Jin, Z.H., Batra, R.C., 1996, Some basic fracture mechanics concepts in functionally gradient materials, J. Mech. Physics Solids, 44, 1221-1235.

Kawasaki, A., Watanabe, R., 1997, Concept and P/M fabrication of functionally gradient materials, Ceramics Int., 23, 73-83.

Kesler, O., Matejicek, J., Sampach, S., Suresh, S., Gnaepel-Herold, T., Brandt, P.C., Prask, H.J., 1998, Measurement of residual stress in plasma-sprayed metallic, ceramic and composite coating, Mat. Sci. Eng., A257, 215-224.

Kieback, B., Neubrand, A., Riedel, H., 2003, Processing techniques for functionally graded materials, Mat. Sci. Eng., A362, 81-105.

Kirchoff, G., Göbel, T., Bahr, H.A., Balke, H., Wetzig, K., Bartsch, K., 2004, Damage analysis of thermally cycled (Ti,Al)N coatings-estimation of strength and interface fracture toughness, Surface Coat. Techn., 179, 39-46.

Kobel'skij, S.B., Kuriat, R.I., Kravchenko, B.I., Kvitka, A.L., 1999, Procedure and analysis of three dimensional thermal stressed states of turbine blades with coatings subjected to thermal cycling, Strength of Materials, 31/6, 564-570.

Kohr, K.A., Gu, Y.W., 2000, Effect of residual stress perfomance of plasma sprayed functionally graded ZrO2/NiCoCrAlY coating, Mat. Sci. Tech., A277, 64-76.

Kopernik, M., Pietrzyk, M., 2006, Możliwości modelowania nanomateriałów gradientowych, Proc. 13th Conf. KomPlasTech, ed., Szeliga, D., Pietrzyk, M., Kusiak, J., Szczawnica, 291-296 (in Polish).

Kravchuk, L.V., Buisikikh, K.P., Semenov, G.R., Borisov, Yu.S., Zadvornyi, A., 1999, Investigation of the thermal cyclic life of coatings for combustion chambers of gas turbines, Strength of Materials, 31/1, 43-48.

Kravchuk, L.V., Semenov, G.R., Borovkov, V.A., 1994, Influence of heat-resistant coatings on the state of thermal stress of model of gas turbine engine blades in nonsteady heat exchange, Strength of Materials, 26/6, 418-423.

Kustosz, R., Major, R., Wierzchoń, T., Major, B., 2004, Designing a new heart, Academia, 3/3, 14-17.

Lackner, J.M., Waldhauser, W., Lenz, W., Ebner, R., Major, B., Schöberl, T., 2002, Deposition of TiN thin films on three dimensional shaped tools by pulsed laser deposition, Oral Presentation at Materials Week 2002, Munich (ICM), 378.

Lackner, J.M., Waldhauser, W., Berghauser, R., Ebner, R., Major, B., Schöberl, T., 2004a, Structural, mechanical and tribological investigations of pulsed laser deposited titanium nitride coatings, Thin Solid Films, 453–454, 195–202.

Lackner, J.M., Waldhauser, Ebner, R., Keckes, J., Schöberl, T., 2004b, Room temperature deposition of (Ti,Al)N and (Ti,Al)(C,N) coatings pulsed laser deposition for tribological applications, Surface Coatings Techn., 177–178, 447–452.

Lackner, J.M., Waldhauser, W., Ebner, R., Major, B., Schöberl, 2004c, Structural, mechanical and tribological investigations of pulsed laser deposited titanium nitride coatings, Surface and Coatings Techn., 180-181, 585.

Lackner, J.M., 2005a, Industrially-scaled hybrid Pulsed Laser Deposition at room temperature, Orekop, Kraków.

Lackner, J.M., 2005b, Influences of the nitrogen content on the morphological, chemical and optical properties of pulsed laser deposited silicon nitride thin films, Surface and Coatings Technology, 192, 225-230.

Lackner, J.M., 2005c, Industrially-styled room-temperature pulsed laser deposition of titanium-based coatings, Vacuum, 78, 73–82.

Landau, L.D., Lifshitz, E.M., 1986, Theory of Elasticity, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

Lee, W.Y., Stinton, D.P., Berndt, Ch.C., Erdogan, F., Lee, Y.D., Mutasim, Z., 1996, Concept of functionally graded materials for advanced thermal barrier coating appliacations, J. Amer. Cer. Soc., 79, 3003-3012.

Li, J., Luo, X.Y., Kuang, Z.B., 2001, A nonlinear model for porcine aortic heart valves, J. Biomechanics, 34, 1279-1289.

Lichinchi, M., Lenardi, C., Haupt, J., Vitali, R., 1998, Simulation of Berkovich nanoindenattion experiments on thin films using finite element method, Thin Solids Films, 333, 278-286.

Ma, D., Xu, K., He, J., 1998, Numerical simulation for determining the mechanical properties of thin metal films using depth-sensing indentation technique, Thin Solid Films, 323, 183-187.

Markworth, A.J., Ramesh, K.S., Parks, W.P., 1995, Review Modeling studies applied to functionally graded materials, J. Mater. Sci., 30, 2183-2193.

Major, B., Ebner, R., 1999, Laser applications in surface modification and pulsed laser deposition, J. Technical Physics, Special Supplement XL. 3, 161, Warszawa.

Major, B., 2002, Ablacja i osadzanie laserem impulsowym, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Akapit, Kraków (monograph in Polish).

Major, B., Bonarski, J.T., Waldhauser, W., Lackner, J. K., Ebner, R., 2004a, Contribution pulsed laser deposition conditions to texture, morphology and residual stresses developed in TiN thin layers, Arch. Metall. Mater., 49, 83.

Major, B., Mroz, W., Wierzchoń, T., Waldhauser, W., Lackner, J. K., Ebner, R., 2004b, Pulsed laser deposition of advanced titanium nitride thin layers, Surface Coatings Techn. 180–181, 580–584.

Major, B., 2005, Laser technology in generating microstructure of FGM, Arch. Metall. Mater., 50, 35-46.

Major, R., Kustosz, R., Major, B., 2003, Biozgodne cienkie warstwy wytwarzane na tytanie metalicznym i poliuretanie metodą osadzania laserem impulsowym, Inżynieria Biomateriałów, 30-33, 103-104 (in Polish).

Major, R., Lacki, P., 2005, Finite-element modeling of thin films deposited on the polyurethane substrate, Arch. Metall. Mater., 50, 379-385.

Martinez, E., Romero, J., Lousá, A., Esteve, J., 2003, Nanoindentation stress–strain curves as a method for thin-film complete mechanical characterization: application to nanometric CrN/Cr multilayer coatings, Appl. Phys., A 77, 419–426.

Mata, M., Alcalá, J., 2004, The role of friction on sharp indentation, J. Mech. Physics of Solids, 52, 145-165.

Matthews, A., Leyland, A., Holmberg, K., Ronkainen, H., 1998, Design aspects for advanced tribological surface coatings, Surface Coatings Techn., 100-101, 1-6.

McHugh, P.E., Asaro, R.J., Shih, C.F., 1993, Computational modeling of metal matrix composite materials-I, Isothermal deformation patterns in ideal microstructures, Acta Metallurgica, 41, 1461-1476.

Mohammadi, S., Forouzan-Sepehr, S., Asadollahi, A., 2002, Contact based delamination and fracture analysis of composites, Thin-Walled Structures, 40, 595–609.

Morawiecki, M., Sadok, L., Wosiek, E., 1977, Teoretyczne podstawy technologicznych procesów przeróbki plastycznej, Śląsk, Katowice.

Nałęcz, M., 2001, Sztuczne narządy, Exit, Warszawa (in Polish).

Ning, Y., Polycarpou, A., Corny, T.F., 2004, Tip-radius effect in finite element modeling of sub-50 nm shallow nanoindentation, Thin Solid Films, 450, 295–303.

Ochelski, S., 2004, Metody doświadczalne mechaniki kompozytów konstrukcyjnych, WN-T, Warszawa (in Polish).

Oliver, C., Pharr, G.M., 1992, An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation rxperiment, J. Mater. Res., 7, 1564-1583.

Oleś, A., 1998, Metody doświadczalne fizyki ciała stałego, WN-T, Warszawa.

Panich, N., Sun, Y., 2004, The critical indentation depth for nanocoatings: a finite element analysis, Thin Solid Films, 469-470, 161-168.

Panich, N., Sun, Y., 2006, TiB2-based nanostructure coatings: Characterization and performance evaluation, Thin Solid Films, 515, 591-597.

Paszyński, M., Demkowicz, L., 2006, Parallel fully automatic hp-adaptive 2D finite element package, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 195, 711-741.

Paszyński, M., Kluczewski, J., Pietrzyk, M., Chmielewski, A., 2006, Parallel hp adaptive finite element computations for biomaterial layers with application to heart valve modelling, Computing and Informatics, accepted.

Pompe, W., Worch, H., Epple, M., Friess, W., Gelinsky, M., Greil, P., Hempel, U., Scharnweber, D., Schulte, K., 2003, Functionally graded materials for biomedical applications, Mater. Sci. Eng., A362, 40-60.

Prchlik, L., Kottfer, B., Kroupa, A., Matejicek, J., Sampath, S., Suresh, S., 2003, Quantitative studies of plastic deformation in thermal spray coatings, Acta Materialia, 51, 1065-1075.

Przygocki, W., Włochowicz, A., 2001, Polimery wtórne, WNT, Warszawa (in Polish).

Ravichandran, G., 1995, Modeling the dynamic response of ceramics under multiaxial loading, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc., 78, 579-586.

Rauschenbach, B., Gerlach, J.W., 2000, Texture and microstructure of TiN films deposited by ion-beam-assisted pulsed laser deposition, Surf. Coat. Technol., 128-129, 165-171.

Saliklis, E.P., Mokos, V., Liu, W., 2003, Failure analysis of thin film coatings on substrates, Thin Solid Films, 437, 171-179.

Santhanam, A.T., Oakes, D.B., Bellove, S., 1996, Chemical vapor deposition of titanium nitride, Thin Solid Films, 270, 57-65.

Schärer, B., Rohner, P., 2003, Wrinkling of thin films: mechanics and experimental investigation, Thin Solid Films, 437, 1-9.

Schwarzer, R.A., 2005, Residual stress analysis in polycrystalline materials by x-ray diffraction, Adv. Eng. Mater., 7, 81-90.

Shouterden, P., Celis, J.-P., Roos, J.R., 1995, Tribological properties of TiN coatings, Thin Solid Films, 270, 482-487.

Stoney, G.G., 1909, The tension of metallic films deposited by electrolysis, Proc. R. Soc. London, A82, 172-175.

Szeliga, D., Pietrzyk, M., 2002, Inverse analysis in material science and engineering, Arch. Metall. Mater., 47, 667-687.

Tabor, D., 1951, The Hardness of Metals and Alloys, Oxford University Press.

Thogo, T., Yamamoto, T., Inoue, K., Hirai, T., 1996, Thermal stress analysis of functionally graded materials subjected to thermal shock, Composites Part B, 27, 105-109.

Thornton, J.A., 1974, Influence of apparatus geometry and deposition conditions on the structure and topography of thick sputtered coatings, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., 11, 666-670.

Vieira, M.T., Ramos, A.S., 1999, Characterization of multilayer W2N/Ti and W2N/Ni coatings, Surface and Coatings Technology, 112, 394-399.

Volynskii, A.L., Bakeev, N.F., 1999, Structural mechanics of polymers: theory and applications, Elsevier.

Volynskii, A.L., Bakeev, N.F., 2000, The deformation of amorphous glassy polymers, J. Polym. Sci., Part A, Polym. Chem., 38, 1385-1399.

Wang, J.S., Bangert, H., 1993, Finite-element analysis of indentation on metal-matrix composite materials, Thin Solid Films, 229, 73-84.

Wu, T.W., Abbot, J.C., Weissmann, G.C., 1996, Fretting and wear behavior of candidate biomaterials against bone in a calf serum solution, J. Tribology, 118, 550-557.

Yang, Z.M., 2003, Functionally graded materials, in Advanced Ceramics for Structural and Tribological Applications (eds. L. C. Zhang et al.), Woodhead Publishing Limited.

Zoesterbergen, E., 2000, Physical vapor deposition technology: An introduction, Vacuum, 57, 149-155.